ENGLISH FOR TOURISM STUDENTS

Tourism is  one of the biggest industries in the world. English is currently the way to face globalization and to set up a bridge between peoples. A Tourism course should enable its students to become qualified professionals, to be responsible for their work, to develop self-study strategies, without ever forgetting that each one is an individual and has his/her own characteristics. That is why every ESP course should be learner-centered. Because each learner has his/her own specific needs, his/her previous individual experience, each student is different and has his/her own beliefs, knowledge, way of thinking, interacting and socializing with others. That should be respected, we should take advantage of those differences and take them into class, explore them. We all can achieve with the difference, it brings cultural variety to school, critical thinking and self reflection. These differences and similarities are what make us human and what makes teaching interesting. Everyone has different skills and talents, it is important to remember that diversity is strength. It is this holistic understanding that we should bring to ESP. The world can become a village without every place losing its singularities.

Teachers should not only repeat, give information, we must be our students guiders, to allow them to discuss, to question, we should not be only mere «satisfiers», but mainly «motivators» (cf. Nieragden, G., 2000). The crucial difference between satisfiers and motivators as determining factors of people’s job performance: satisfiers, as guards of average potential, concern the working conditions and environment, the wages, the benefits, and the degree of job security, whereas motivators, as stimulators of high potential, comprise challenging and creative tasks, recognition by peers and seniors, personal responsibility, possibilities for promotion, and the subjective feeling of forming part of corporate cultures. Nieragden, G., http://www.eltnewsletter.com/back/september2000

 From the early 1960's, English for Specific Purposes (ESP) has grown to become one of the most prominent areas of EFL teaching today. “ESP is an approach to language teaching in which all decisions as to content and method are based on the learner’s reason for learning”. Hutchinson, 1987:19 on Lisboa, J. Maria viewed on (www.esp-world.info/articles.../nittaya). ESP’s main goal is to prepare students, in a relatively short period of time, to read, understand and communicate better so they can work properly in a certain activity.  ESP is divided into English for Academic Purposes (English for Science and Technology and English for Academic Purposes) and English for Occupational Purposes (Vocational English and Professional English), English for Tourism comes within Professional English, as a subject of Business English.

Today we are near everything and everybody. Tourism is a more competitive market than before, generally due to this proximity, this closeness. We travel to encounter new cultures, which are different from ours, so Tourism can only survive if we are able to maintain the local characteristics of a country, of a place and if we are able to promote this singularity to potential buyers. And where does the English language come in? English is the bridge between tourists and tourism operators. Tourists are getting more demanding, they are better informed, they have more tourism related offers, they enjoy more holiday periods, shorter in terms of time but more in number, they give greater relevance to quality, they search for different types of holidays, they book more last minute holidays, they have more and more different motivations to go on holiday. The people who have key roles in the education and preparation of the Tourism Operators have to be prepared for these new exigencies, with a language which will help all to share knowledge, to communicate and to make tourism an even greater source of enjoyment, of cultural sharing and ultimately profitable for all concerned.

In learning process the students must process the skills. Such as the ability to learn languages, be open-minded, have communication competence, organizational skills, initiative, commercial sense and decision-making capacity. The goals of the Tourism Course are to prepare Tourism operators to work in the Tourism sector which is of great importance in Indonesia. What is the basic profile of the person who wishes to work effectively in Tourism? First of all he/she needs to know GE, the core structures and vocabulary, how to greet, to introduce himself/herself, to know the numbers, the forms of address, information on countries and nationalities, general geography, dates, asking the way, how to use familiar everyday expressions, can communicate in simple routine tasks, can use expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance or need, can describe himself/herself, can describe his/her background, and he/she also needs to have a certain attitudes, to be punctual, to be communicative, reliable, to have some notions of etiquette, politeness, body language and eye contact.

Why the students should have several points like I mention previous? Because more and more companies believe that one of the best ways to gain competitive advantage it is to make sure that their employees have soft skills, besides technical skills, of course. These entail an attitude of optimism in their employees so that they know how to relate with their colleagues, clients or supervisors, that they are aware of their own attitudes towards others. Similar care should be given to both, I mean, technical and soft skills should go, preferable, hand in hand. Even when we speak of clients, good customer service is sometimes more valued then knowledge of the subject area, when speaking of customer loyalty, expertise and credentials are less valued then the willingness to help or the ability to solve problems in a short period of time. The use of soft skills may make the difference between an average company and a good one. The Tourism Work Group’s opinion on the implementation of the Bologna Process underlines it when it states that one of the main systemic and conceptual competences of a tourism student is Auto controlo e gestão do stress (www.mctes.pt/docs/ficheiros/parecer_turismo_índice_e_grupo_trabalho.pdf).

But what do I mean by soft skills? Soft, emotional or social skills are the capacity to communicate properly in a specific situation or context; it is ”the ability to fit into a particular structure”. (Nieragden, G., 2000)on Lisboa, J. Maria viewed on (www.esp-world.info/articles.../nittaya . Soft skills are non-technical skills, abilities and traits required to work in a certain profession. We begin by acquiring them as children, shaping them as young adults and development them throughout our adult lives. We may learn, acquire the technical skills quicker if we have the necessary soft skills to perform that specific task. It also makes it easier to fit into or to adapt to a certain employment environment, which, most of the time, has specific company norms or cultural practices. Soft skills may be divided into four main categories: Communication (listening skills, presentation skill), Interaction (attitude awareness, conflict handling), Self-Management (time management, creativity) and Organization (problem solving, critical thinking). For example, a hotel receptionist has got to know a lot about tourism to perform well in his/her job, but he/she has to know, also, how to handle stress situations (complaints, obstreperous clients and keeping a serene attitude in demanding contexts). Clients are sometimes more interested with the fact that the operator is able to solve, or just listen to their problem, then with evidence that he/she has a lot of knowledge concerning a tourism-related area.

As ESP teachers we have to prepare students for this reality, because these skills cannot be encountered in a curriculum, higher education does not stress or value these competences but employers may wish to find them during an extensive interview, for example. That is why we, as teachers, have to be the first to have, show, and share these skills, so our students may then acquire them. Soft Skills are of great help when teaching ESP. I use simulated situations to help students to deal with stressful contexts, with unpredictable events where they feel uncomfortable, where they feel they do not control the situation. Simulating situational contexts helps students to feel more secure when facing unpredictability.

It can be concluded ESP for tourism is very important to learn, because Indonesia is a country which has a lot of culture, tourism object, historical place and many other that we can promote to the world as our identity, and of course it can increase our income. But we have to keep in our mind if the ESP community hopes to grow in Indonesia, it is vital that the community as a whole understands what ESP actually represents, and can accept the various roles that ESP practitioners need to adopt to ensure its success. Only then, can new members join with confidence, and existing members carry on the practices which have brought ESP to the position that it has in EFL teaching today.

  

References:

Lisboa J. M, “what is the basic Profile of the person who wishes to work effectually in Tourism” Available from: www.esp-world.info/articles.../nittaya. (Accessed 04/06/12).

Parecer do Grupo de Trabalho de Turismo sobre o Processo de Bolonha www.mctes.pt/docs/ficheiros/parecer_turismo_índice_e_grupo_trabalho.pdf (Accesed 03/06/12)

NIERAGDEN, Goeran, 2000: The Soft Skills of Business English. Cologne. http://www.eltnewsletter.com/back/september2000 (Accessed 02/06/12).

Psychoanalytical Literary Analysis of character of John Tyree in a Film “Dear John” by Nicholas Sparks

There are several ways to analyze literary works. Such as psychoanalytical literary analysis, deconstructive literary analysis, marxist literary criticism and feminist literary analysis. But this paper just only discusses psychoanalytical analysis, especially character on Dear John film. Psychoanalytical analysis is found by Sigmund Freud. Hjelle & Ziegler in Abimanyu 2010 states that psychoanalysis is a therapy method for disposition suffering and as a technique to detect what is in mind and insensible individual feelings.  So the aim of this analysis is try to explore a psychological condition in character. Beside that this analysis also will disquiet to character psychological changing and the effect of changing.  

Freud claims that actions are repressed fantasies and fears both in feeling and in thought. As well, he also states that three parts make up the unconscious mind are the ID, the SUPEREGO, and the EGO. “Ego is an aspect of the subject that emerges from the id the biological, inherited, unconscious source of sexual drives, instincts, and irrational impulses”. The ego develops out of the id's interaction with the external world. It is produced from the non-biological social and familial forces brought to bear on one's biological development and functions as an intermediary between the demands of the id and the external world. Thus, the ego can be thought of as a variable aspect of the subject constructed as a system of beliefs that organize one's dealings with the internal and external demands of life according to certain laws referred to by Freud as secondary process. It reconciles the biological, instinctual demands and drives both unifying and destructive in nature of the id governed by primary process with the socially determined constraints of the super-ego internalized rules placing limits on the subject's satisfactions and pleasures and the demands of reality.

Based on previous explanation this paper takes a Film “Dear John” By Nicholas Sparks to be analyzed. It will focus on psychology of John Tyree. It is a one way to figure out about how to analyze through this analysis. Beside that this paper will explore a research questions it is about how is the character of John Tyree on Dear John movie? This aims to look at the character of John Tyree on Dear John movie. This movie of research has a great potential to explore and giving contribution to us as the English department students who learnt literary criticism being able to analysis character by using psychoanalytical approach. The reason why I choose Dear john Movie to be analyzed, because Dear John Movie by Nicholas Spark is one of literary movie which talk about love and famous in this world. I interested with the story and the character of the actor in that movie. Specifically John’s character which has psychoanalytical changing after he meat with Savannah.

The aim of this study is to figure out John character on Dear John Movie. The first section deals with how to develop a measurement scale of personality, understanding the nature and developing of traits. Allports  theory develop a measurement scale personality which use some categorize such as intelligent, temperament, self expression (strength) and sociality and measuring “Self explained behavior”  in regards to some characteristics. Allport also describes the theory of “personality traits” 1921 which is based more on his view of human nature. He distinguishes between common traits and individual traits. Allports approached psychology in particular the issue of personality. Allport view “Psychology as the study of heal person”. Another basic approach he takes that individual human as unique.

The previous study which related with character analysis by psychoanalytical approach also is provides by Webber. J, (2006) Sartre’s Theory of Character. About development of a morally sound character, understanding the nature and developing of traits. Webber compares Aristotelian theory which views that traits are a combination of habit and insight. The theory also shows indeed Sartre’s view, by explaining the errors that have lead philosophers.  To approach this theory it is necessary to understand how Sartre identifies the functional roles that character traits fulfill, or the overall functional role that character as a whole fulfils. But on this paper this theory just a guidelines to analysis John character and this paper more prefer to stand with Freud theory about psychoanalytical.

The methodology that will be used in this paper is descriptive qualitative method which is describe John’s character on Dear John movie.  Guba and Lincoln (1994) determine a research paradigm as a set of beliefs that provides an understanding about how a researcher’s views of the world can help the researcher to choose some fundamental ways of doing research. For example, the research paradigm is related to the research method, the ontology (the nature of reality) and the epistemology (the nature of knowledge and what constitutes knowledge) of research (Guba and Lincoln 1994:105).

The source of data first I watch Dear John Film then assume John character based on researcher observation. From those I collecting the data by write every psychoanalytical changing character of john in Dear John film. Technique of analyzing data that I used is analyzing or indentifying the John character on Dear John Film. I also read Dear John Novel to some up my analysis of John’s character.

The approach that will be used in this paper is Psychoanalytical approach By Freud which deals with three parts make up the unconscious mind: the id, the superego, and the ego. The id involves basic desires such as food, aggression, and sex. Its prime motive is survival. Someone who is acting primarily on her id is considered less developed. The superego involves morality and is opposed to the id. It is formed from standards and morals acquired from parents and society. The superego leads to feelings of pride, value, and accomplishment. Someone who is acting primarily on her superego often denies herself pleasure and often develops obsessive-compulsive disorders. The ego is the healthy balance of the id and superego. Someone who is acting primarily on his ego will have her desires fulfilled in a manner acceptable to society.

The brief description of John Tyree, he is a soldier first, a man second. Or so he thinks until he meets Savannah Lynn Curtis. While on leave, he falls desperately in love with Savannah, the proverbial girl of his dreams. Sweet, intelligent, and giving, John knows he will always carry her torch. When September 11 changes the world, John is no exception. Moved by patriotic loyalty, he chooses to "re-up" in the army, adding time to his service and breaking his promise to return to Savannah. More promises are broken when he must attending to his ailing father.
This is the story of how an ideal love can falter, despite its purity and strength. Not every romance results in a happy ending, but with a great deal of luck, those who don't survive will find meaning from the experience. Love, loyalty, and friendship all those sentiments are great, but to what cost? And how does this make a good man great? This is John's journey to that understanding.

Based on previous explanation the writer, Nicholas Sparks tries to show the character of John as a young man which has significant changing in his psychological life. He used to be as a man who has no care with himself and he has no care for women. He always is be alone, he also used to be a man who always fighting with others. But he loved his father, he always take care for him. When he was a teenager, he asked about his mother to his father, but there is no clear answer where and who his mother is. When Savannah Lynn Curtis comes into his life, his life changed. He turns to be a very care man, respect others as a good human being and also take care for women. He turns to be loyal person.

Savannah Lynn Curtis is being showed as a woman who has big influence into his psychological life. Jamie is sweet, intelligent, giving, sociable, simple, and cares to each other even for animal. She always helps the poor people and always gives contribution for human development welfare.  That is all makes John changing. The simplicity and the way Savannah treats her life according to what it is supposed to be transform him being different a better person. One effect that happened to John Tyree is the way loves someone. He knows he is ready to turn over a new leaf.  Also John realizing that he is ready to settle down with the young woman who has captured his heart. Neither can foresee that 9/11 is about to change the world and will force John to risk every hope and dream that he's ever had. Like so many proud men and women, John must choose between love and country. And like all those left behind, Savannah must decide to wait or move on.

Savannah In psychoanalytical analysis, the action of John above about doing an exemplary activity is representing his EGO. Try to be an acceptable person in societies. Furthermore, the EGO of John can be seen when he has fallen in love to Savannah. He can control his ID and makes his life better. He is more take care for women. It is more increasing when John goes to fight for his country, he promised to himself to comeback for savannah. The EGO also shows when he promised wants to marry with Savannah after his comeback for the army. Marriage is a good symbolism of relationship in society.

In another part when Savannah asks for a help to John to help her to build an houses for humanity, while Rian were there. John finally accepts it. The superego is showed. John cannot refuse it because savannah has ever helped him for everything to his life.

References :

Abimanyu, (2010) Freudian theory ‘A brief outline of psychoanalytic theory’ (online) Available from:  http://andlovephobe.blogspot.com/2010/03/psikoanalisis.htl[Accesed 22/05/12].

Barkhust, L. (1999), Allports theory of traits,- A critical review of the theory and two studies.  Available from: www.itu.dk/~barkhuus/allport.pdf[Accessed 18/05/12].

Guba, EG and Lincoln, YS 1994, 'Competing paradigms in qualitative research', in NK Denzin and YS Lincoln (eds), Handbook of Qualitative Research, Sage Publications, London, New Delhi, pp. 105-17.

Webber. J, (2006)  Sartre’s Theory of Character. European Journal of Philosophy 14(1) pp.94-116. Available from: cardiff.ac.uk/.../webber_jonathan_sartres_theo[Accessed 17/05/12].

Peran Bahasa, Matematika, Statistika dan Logika Dalam Perkembangan Ilmu

 

Dalam berpikir untuk mengembangkan pengetahuan ilmiah, tentu tidak terlepas dari alat atau sarana ilmiah. Sarana ilmiah dimaksud meliputi beberapa hal yaitu bahasa, matematika, statistika, dan logika. Hal ini mempunyai peranan sangat mendasar bagi manusia dalam proses berpikir dan mengkomunikasikan maupun mendokumentasikan jalan pikiran manusia. Bahasa merupakan suatu sistem yang berstruktur dari simbolsimbol bunyi arbitrer (bermakna) yang dipergunakan oleh para anggota

sesuatu kelompok sosial sebagai alat bergaul satu sama lain. Unsur-unsur yang terdapat di dalamnya meliputi: simbol-simbol vokal arbitrer, suatu sistem yang berstruktur dari simbol-simbol yang arbitrer dan yang dipergunakan oleh para anggota suatu kelompok sosial sebagai alat bergaul satu sama lain. Bahasa berfungsi sebagai sarana untuk menyampaikan pikiran, perasaan dan emosi kepada orang lain, baik

pikiran yang berlandaskan logika induktif maupun deduktif. Hal ini disebut bahasa ilmiah, tentu beda dengan bahasa agama yaitu kalam ilahi yang terabadikan ke dalam kitab suci dan ungkapan serta perilaku keagamaan dari suatu kelompok sosial.

Bahasa memiliki tugas yang paling penting yaitu memberikan kejelasan hubungan antara berpikir dan berbicara, antara fungsi ekspresif dan representative bahasa, Menjelaskan kondisi-kondisi psikofisik dari ucapan, peranan individu dan komunitas dalam perkembangan sebuah bahasa, hubungan antara tipe-tipe bahasa umum dan struktur bahasa khusus menyelidiki sumber-sumber pertama sebuah bahasa dan hasil baru yang ada sekarang dari bahasa itu pada anak kecil dan usaha-usaha lebih lanjut. Pandangan-pandangan pada filsafat bahasa berbeda terutama atas masalah hubungan antara yang dipikirkan dan yang diucapkan. Sementara filsafat bahasa yang lebih tua sepakat dalam mengakui kemandirian dan prioritas pikiran atas ucapan, tetapi tidak sepakat dalam menjelaskannya ( misalnya, bahasa sebagai sesuatu disebabkan oleh pikiran untuk maksud berkomunikasi; arah empirik; bahasa sebagai penampilan yang adekuat penuh dari pikiran; arah idealistik ), beberapa pemikir modern melihat pikiran diserap oleh ucapan (G.Ipsen) atau muncul dari ucapan ( Stenzel ). Analisis konseptual bahasa dalam semua dimensinya dapat dilihat dari masalah semantik. Jadi dengan bahasa bukan saja manusia dapat berpikir secara teratur namun juga dapat mengkomunikasikan apa yang sedang dia pikirkan kepada orang lain. (http://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Romawi_Kuno/Filsafat).

Matematika sebagai bahasa yang melambangkan serangkaian makna dari serangkaian pernyataan yang ingin kita sampaikan. Fungsi matematika hampir sama luasnya dengan fungsi bahasa yang berhubungan dengan pengetahuan dan ilmu pengetahuan. Matematika merupakan ilmu deduktif yang memiliki kontribusi dalam perkembangan ilmu alam maupun ilmu-ilmu sosial. Statistik mengandung arti kumpulan data yang berbentuk angka (data kuantitatif). Penelitian untuk mencari ilmu (penelitian ilmiah), baik berupa survei atau eksperimen, dilakukan lebih cermat dan teliti dengan menggunakan teknik-teknik statistik. Statistik mempunya peranan penting dalam berpikir induktif, jadi bahasa, matematika, statistik memiliki peranan yang sangat mendasar dalam berpikir logika dan tidak dapat terlepas satu sama lain dalam berbagai bidang aspek kehidupan ilmiah manusia.

Logika merupakan sarana berpikir sistematis, valid, cepat, dan tepat serta dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Dalam berpikir logis dibutuhkan kondisi-kondisi tertentu seperti, mencintai kebenaran, mengetahui apa yang sedang dikerjakan dan apa yang sedang dikatakan, membuat perbedaan dan pembagian, mencintai defenisi yang tepat, dan mengetahui mengapa begitu kesimpulan kita serta menghindari kesalahan-kesalahan.

Hubungan antara Sarana Ilmiah Bahasa, Logika, Matematika dan Statistika. Bahasa merupakan alat komunikasi verbal yang dipakai dalam seluruh proses berpikir ilmiah di mana bahasa merupakan alat berpikir dan alat komunikasi untuk menyampaikan jalan pikiran tersebut kepada orang lain. Ditinjau dari pola berpikirnya, maka ilmu merupakan gabungan antara berpikir deduktif dan berpikir induktif. Untuk itu, penalaran ilmiah menyandarkan diri kepada proses logika deduktif dan logika induktif. Matematika mempunyai peranan yang penting dalam berpikir deduktif, sedangkan statistika mempunyai peranan penting dalam berpikir induktif. Jadi keempat sarana ilmiah ini saling berhubungan erat satu sama lain.(Junus, H. Ismet)

References:

Junus, H. Ismet, LMP, SDE, Pengantar Filsafat

"http://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Romawi_Kuno/Filsafat"